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LAYOUT OF 110/11KV SUBSTATION

                   LAYOUT OF 110/11KV SUBSTATION: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: THEORY : 1. The 3 phase 3 wire 110 KV feeder is tapped and brought to the Gang operated (GO) switch. The GO switch consists of isolators connected in each phase of the 3 phase line. 2. From the isolator the 110KV line is brought to the 110 KV Bus bar through Circuit Breaker (CB).  3. From the 110KV Bus bar, the 110 KV line is fed to the HT side of the 110KV/11KV stepdown transformer through Isolator. The transformer steps down the voltage to 11KV.  4. In fig.1.2. two 110/11KV transformers are connected from the 110 KV bus bar and the LT side of the power transformers are connected to the common 11KV Bus  through CB and Isolators. 5. From the 11KV Bus bar no of feeders are taken through  isolator and CB.  6. Lighting arresters are provided for protection from lightning and current transformers for...
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single bus bar and single busbar with sectionalisation

                                            BUS BAR 1.                               SINGLE BUS BAR                 In this way, only one set bus - bar is attached to the entire generating station.  All transformers, generators and feeders are connected to this single bus - bar.  Generators are connected to the bus - bar via isolator and circuit breakers.  Similarly to incoming and outgoing feeders via isolator and circuit breakers are attached with bus bar. This system will suitable for both A.C and D.C ADVANTAGES:                         1.  Only one circuit breaker is required for each                ...
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HARMONICS

HARMONICS : Harmonics are unwanted frequencies which superimposed on the fundamental waveform creating a distorted wave form.  LINEAR AND NON LINEAR LOADS :   linear load :  the relationship between the voltage and current waveforms are sinusoidal and the current at any time is proportional to the voltage (Ohm's law).  non - linear load  : the current isn't proportional to the voltage and it fluctuates based on the alternating  load  impedance. HOW HARMONICS ARE GENERATED : Harmonics  are created by electronic equipment with nonlinear loads drawing in current in abrupt short pulses. The short pulses cause distorted current waveforms, which in turn cause harmonic currents to flow back into other parts of the  power system . Then it makes the pure sine wave into distrocted wave form, after this the distrocted waveform was flowed into any other load means it creat some fluctuation in load side.  DISADV...
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